The Impact of Multifluid Effects in the Solar Chromosphere on the Ponderomotive Force under SE and NEQ Ionization Conditions

Abstract The ponderomotive force has been suggested to be the main mechanism produce so-called first ionization potential (FIP) effect—the enrichment of low-FIP elements observed in outer solar atmosphere, wind, and energetic events. It is well known that these occurs within chromosphere. Therefore, this phenomenon intimately tied plasma state chromosphere corona. For study, we combine IRIS observations, a single-fluid 2.5D radiative magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model including ion–neutral interaction effects nonequilibrium (NEQ) effects, novel multifluid multispecies numerical (based on Ebysus code). Nonthermal velocities Si iv measured from spectra can provide an upper limit for strength any high-frequency Alfvén waves. With model, investigate possible impact NEQ region where FIP may occur, as properties those regions. These models suggest regions with strongly enhanced network type II spicules are sites large forces. We use MHD observations initialize our associated Our analysis reveals collisions dramatically behavior chromosphere, existing theories need revisited.